{"_buckets": {"deposit": "bb47ea59-9c70-40a9-9dc3-88996c835db0"}, "_deposit": {"created_by": 20, "id": "9060", "owner": "20", "owners": [20], "owners_ext": {"displayname": "", "username": ""}, "pid": {"revision_id": 0, "type": "depid", "value": "9060"}, "status": "published"}, "_oai": {"id": "oai:meral.edu.mm:recid/00009060", "sets": ["1582963436320"]}, "author_link": [], "control_number": "9060", "item_1583103067471": {"attribute_name": "Title", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_1551255647225": "The impact of trade openness and foreign direct investment on the environment : An assessment of CO2 emission in Myanmar (Khin Thu Thu Thein, 2023)", "subitem_1551255648112": "en"}]}, "item_1583103085720": {"attribute_name": "Description", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"interim": "There are two main patterns of the liberalization process in Myanmar. The first one, acted in September 1987, concerns the marketization and removal of restrictions in the sector of agriculture. The second one is the Foreign Investment Law of November 1988. This allows foreign capitals in a company from joint venture participation with a minimum of 35% of foreign holdings to a full detention with 100% of foreign equity.\nHowever, there are few studies that examine how trade liberalization and FDI affect Myanmar\u0027s environment (as determined by CO2 emissions).\nUsing secondary data from the World Bank, Directorate of Investment and Company (DICA), Central Statistics Office (CSO), OECD and Konema webpage, the study specifically looks at the influence of trade liberalization on CO2 emissions in the long-run and short-run elasticity.\nThe impact of trade openness, FDI on Myanmar\u0027s CO2 emissions over a 27-year period from 1995 to 2021 is quantitatively assessed in this paper. The following research questions follow the research objectives:\n1. What and how of the long run and short run relationships between FDI and trade liberalization and CO2 emissions of Myanmar?\n2. What is the impact of economic liberalization of Myanmar in environmental quality?\nTo assess the effect of trade openness, on CO2 emissions in the short-run and long-run elasticity, an auto-regression distributed lag (ARDL) model was used.\nThree-unit root tests were run on all variables at levels and first differences in Formatted: No underline, Font color: Auto,Not HighlightFormatted: Indent: First line: 0.29\"\n20\nthis investigation. The augmented ADF test, ADF-GLS test, and PP tests are the ones that are employed. It should be noted that the lag duration for the ADF test is determined using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). There can be no more than six lags at a time. All of the series, with the exception of FDI and Tr (which becomes stationary after taking the first difference and is stationary at I (0)), are non-stationary at their levels. Hence, it can be inferred from the outcomes of the unit root tests that, at the 5% level of significance, all series are I (0) and I (1). The study can employ the ARDL methodology and continue with the investigation of I (0) and I (1). To check the robustness of the study used the Durbin-Watson Test, Breusch-pagan-Godfrey test, Histogram , Jacque-Beta Test of Residuals and CUSM approach to test the stability of model.\nThe evidence of the ARDL – Bound Test and ECM estimation ,urbanization, trade openness, and electricity consumption have a considerable positive long-run elasticity on CO2 emissions in Myanmar. Both in the short and long terms, trade liberalization has a positive (growing impact) effect on CO2 emissions. More specifically, a 3.352% increase results from a 1% increase in trade openness leads to increase in CO2 emissions in the long-run elasticity.\nThe Environmental Impact Assessment approach was used to analyze the potential regulatory consequences of trade liberalization with relation to the regulatory impact on the environment. The first looked at trade statistics from 2021 to 2017 to investigate Myanmar\u0027s export trends to partner nations, including the top 12 export data and the Revealed Competitive Advantage Index. Following that, we used the Environmental Impact Assessment approach to examine how trade liberalization affected the environment in Myanmar. The findings indicate that it is likely that the natural resources sector has high RCA indices and that this sector generated the majority of revenue. Thus, the Myanmar government should work to maximize endowment revenue and reinvest in other industries for sustainable development of Myanamar.\nThe empirical finding of FDI shows a long-term and short-term elasticity negative relationship with CO2 emission. Long-term CO2 emission decreased by 1.37% for every 1% increase in FDI of Myanmar. The Granger Causility demonstrated that there is a one-way causal relationship between GDP, CO2 emissions, and GDP does Granger cause Ur. The one-way causality links CO2 emission to electricity Formatted: Indent: First line: 2 ch\n21\nconsumption. Granger causality exists between LnPEC and LnIF.\nThis thesis makes a significant contribution by examining the impact of FDI and trade liberalization on Myanmar\u0027s CO2 emissions. The results of this study provide evidence of the possibility to keep and rehabilitate the environment along with Myanmar’s industrialization and urbanization through trade liberalization. The results highlight how trade openness has a detrimental effect on environment through carbon dioxide emissions. This together with the positive impact of governance calls for effective regulations and legislations to realize green growth. As the developing and emerging Myanmar economies are on a transition path towards development, guaranteeing environmental sustainability. Myanmar government should be encourages the types of FDI which ensure tech know-how and building a clean environment."}]}, "item_1583103108160": {"attribute_name": "Keywords", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"interim": "Trade Openness,"}, {"interim": "Foreign Direct Investment,"}, {"interim": "CO2 emission,"}, {"interim": "ARDL model,"}, {"interim": "Myanmar."}]}, "item_1583103120197": {"attribute_name": "Files", "attribute_type": "file", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"accessrole": "open_access", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2023-10-21"}], "displaytype": "preview", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 0, "filename": "Khin Thu Thu Thein 72020910033Applied Economics , Final with sign .pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "2.6 MB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_0", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 2600000.0, "url": {"url": "https://meral.edu.mm/record/9060/files/Khin Thu Thu Thein 72020910033Applied Economics , Final with sign .pdf"}, "version_id": "91c9eb16-a359-4bd1-b49c-b4890e808db8"}]}, "item_1583103233624": {"attribute_name": "Thesis/dissertations", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_awarding_university": "CAS Institute", "subitem_supervisor(s)": [{"subitem_supervisor": "Yunfeng Yan"}]}]}, "item_1583105942107": {"attribute_name": "Authors", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_authors": [{"subitem_authors_fullname": "Khin Thu Thu Thein"}]}]}, "item_1583108359239": {"attribute_name": "Upload type", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"interim": "Other"}]}, "item_1583108428133": {"attribute_name": "Publication type", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"interim": "Dissertation"}]}, "item_1583159729339": {"attribute_name": "Publication date", "attribute_value": "2023-05-01"}, "item_title": "The impact of trade openness and foreign direct investment on the environment : An assessment of CO2 emission in Myanmar (Khin Thu Thu Thein, 2023)", "item_type_id": "21", "owner": "20", "path": ["1582963436320", "1582965742757"], "permalink_uri": "https://meral.edu.mm/records/9060", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "Deposit date", "attribute_value": "2023-10-21"}, "publish_date": "2023-10-21", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "9060", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["The impact of trade openness and foreign direct investment on the environment : An assessment of CO2 emission in Myanmar (Khin Thu Thu Thein, 2023)"], "weko_shared_id": -1}